 Experimental Evaluation of Ficus Recemosa Linn. Fruits Extract
on Gastric Unlcleration- by Anurag Kumar1, Uma Shankar Sharma2*, Ch.V.Rao3
a) Abstract b) Introduction
c) Material and Method
d) Experimental Method
e) Results |
e) Discussion and Conclusion
e) References |
 |
|
The ethanolic extract of Ficus recemosa was evaluated for its anti-ulcer activity against pyloric ligation, aspirin and ethanol induced gastric ulcer in rats. The fruits extract and standard (Ranitidine, orally at a dose of 50mg/kg body weight) was administered orally at
the dose of 100,200,400mg/kg body weight. It was found that Ficus recemosa fruits extract showed a dose dependent reduction in the
incidence of ulcers in all the three models. Key words :Ficus recemosa fruits, ethanolic extract, ulcer models. |
Back to Top  |
|
 |
|
|
Gastric ulcer, one of the most widespread, is believed to
be due to an imbalance between aggressive and
protective factors1. The gastric mucosa is continuously
exposed to potentially injurious agents such as acid,
pepsin, bile acids, food ingredients, bacterial products
(Helicobacter pylori) and drugs2. These agents have been
implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer, including
enhanced gastric acid and pepsin secretion, inhibition of
prostaglandin synthesis and cell proliferation growth,
diminished gastric blood flow and gastric motility3. Drug
treatment of peptic ulcers is targeted at either
counteracting aggressive factors (acid, pepsin, active
oxidants, platelet aggravating factor “PAF”, leukotrienes,
endothelins, bile or exogenous factors including NSAIDs)
or stimulating the mucosal defenses(mucus, bicarbonate,
normal blood flow, prostaglandins(PG), nitric oxide)4. The
goals of treating peptic ulcer disease are to relieve pain,
heal the ulcer and prevent ulcer recurrence. Currently
there is no cost-effective treatment that meets all these
goals. Hence, efforts are on to find a suitable treatment
from natural product.
Ficus racemosa Linn. belonging to Family Moraceae, A
medium-sized to large evergreen or occasionally
deciduous tree up to 18 m tall, often with an irregular,
shabby crown. Found throughout India to an elevation of
about 2000 m in evergreen forests and along the banks of
streams in moist ravines in deciduous forests. Also found
in Srilanka, Pakistan, Southern China to New Guinea and
Northern Queensland, Australia.
The milky juice (latex) from the plant is reportedly used
for treating piles and diarrhea, and externally for healing
of wounds. Fruits are used as a stomachic & carminative
to relieve dysentery, diarrhoea & for the treatment of
diabetes. Roots are used in cases of dysentery & diabetes.
Barks are used in cases of dysentery. In Mumbai the sap
of this plant is a popular remedy for mums & other
inflammatory enlargement5, 6. However there are no reports on the antiulcer activity of
the plant hence the present study was designed to verify
the claims of the native practioners. |
Back to Top |
|
|
|
|
Collection and Preparation of Extract
The plant materials used in this study were unripe fruits
of Ficus racemosa Linn (Family - Moraceae) collected
from the botanical garden of NBRI, Lucknow. The plant
was identified and taxonomically authenticated by Dr.Sayyada Khatoon by comparison with the herbarium. The
voucher specimen (NBP 2240) was lodged in the
departmental herbarium of National Botanical Research
Institute, Lucknow. India.
The unripe fruits (Ficus racemosa L.) (3 kg) chopped in to
small pieces and dried under shade/ tray drier in
controlled conditions & powdered coarsely. Air-dried
powdered fruits of Ficus racemosa Linn (1000g) was first
defatted with pet-ether twice and then exhaustively
extracted with 10 volumes of 50% ethanol for three days.
The extract was separated by filtration and concentrated
on rotavapour (Buchi, USA) and then dried in lyophilizer
(Labconco, USA) under reduced pressure to obtain 78.0 g
of solid residue (yield 7.8% w/w).
Preliminary Phytochemical Studies
The ethanolic extract obtained was subjected to the
preliminary phytochemical studies for the presence of Alkaloids, Carbohydrate, flavonoids, glycosides, proteins
and free amino acids, gums and mucilages, saponins,
sterols, fixed oils, phenolic compounds and tannins using standard methods7.
Animals Used
Wistar rats (150 - 180 g) and albino mice (15 – 18 g) were procured from the central animal house of Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, India. These were kept in the departmental animal house at 26 + 2oC and relative humidity 44 –56 %, light and dark cycles of 10 and 14 hrespectively for 1 week before and during the experiment
for acclimatization. The animals were provided with
standard rodent pellet diet (Dayal, India) and the food
was withdrawn 18-24 h before the experiment, though
water was allowed ad libitum. The laboratory animals are
promulgated by the Institutional Animal Ethics
Committee, CPCSEA, India (Regd No. 222/2000/CPSEA).
All experiments were performed in the morning according
to current guidelines for the care of laboratory animals
and the ethical guidelines for investigations of
experimental pain in conscious animals. The standard
orogastric cannula was used for oral drug administration
in experimental animals.
Acute toxicity studies
The adult male albino mice were selected for acute
toxicity study. Before the actual LD50 determination, a
pilot study was made on a small group of mice mainly to
select the dose ranges for the subsequent study. The
unripe fruit extract of Ficus racemosa were taken at
various doses levels (100, 200, 400, 800, 1000, 2000
mg/kg body weight) dissolved in 1 % carboxymethyl
cellulose administered 10 ml/kg b.w orally to pairs of
mice per dose level. The control animals received 1 %
carboxymethyl cellulose in distilled water (10 ml/kg)
orally. The animals were observed continuously for two
hour and then occasionally for further four hours and
finally any mortality, Behavior (gross behavior, general
motor activity, writhing, convulsion, response to tail
pinching, pupil size, fecal output, water intake, feeding
behavior, sedation etc.) of the animals and any other
toxic symptoms also observed for 72 hours and the
animals were kept under observation up to 14 days
(OECD, 423)8.
Statistical evaluation
Data are expressed as Mean + SEM (standard error of
mean) for six rats. The difference among means has been
analyzed by unpaired student’s t-test. |
Back to Top |
|
|
|
|
The Albino rats of Wistar strain are divided into five
groups of six animals each. Animals were fasted 24 hours.
I group received normal saline 2ml/kg body weight
(Control), group II, III, and IV were received extract of
Ficus racemosa fruits in the dose of 100,200,400mg/kg
body weight respectively by oral route. While the V group
received Ranitidine 50mg/kg body weight by oral route.
Pyloric ligation method
In this method extracts were administered 30 minutes
prior to pyloric ligation, Animals were scarified 4 hour
later and the stomach was opened and scoring was done.
Aspirin induced ulcer model
In this method the treated groups received extracts in the
dose of 100,200,400mg/kg body weight respectively for 8
days p.o. After 8 days of treatment, the animals were
fasted for 24 hours. Ulcer was produced by administration of aspirin (a dose of 200 mg/ kg orally) on
the day of sacrifice. The animals were sacrificed 4 hour later and stomach was then opened to calculate the ulcer index9.10.
Ethanol induced ulcer model
The ulcer was induced by administering ethanol. All the
animals were fasted for 36 hours before administration of
ethanol. The gastric ulcers were induced in rats by
administrating absolute ethanol (90%) (1ml/200g) Orally,
after 45 min of extracts and standard drug treatment
protocol. They were kept in specially constructed cages to
prevent coprophagia during and after the experiment.
The animals were anaesthetized 1h latter with
anaesthetic ether and stomach was incised along the
greater curvature and ulceration was scored 11, 12, 13.
Scoring of ulcer was made as follows
Normal stomach....... (0)
Red coloration.......... (0.5)
Spot ulcer............….. (1)
Hemorrhagic streak... (1.5)
Ulcers....................…. (2)
Perforation.............…. (3)
Mean ulcer score for each animal will be expressed as
ulcer index. The percentage of ulcer protection was
determined as follows
% Protection = Control mean ulcer index - Test mean ulcer index ×100
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Control mean ulcer index |
Back to Top |
|
|
|
|
Phytochemical screening
The results of preliminary phytochemical screening of the
Ficus racemosa fruits extracts revealed the presence of
alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, tannins,
terpenoids, Phenols and absence of fixed oils and
steroids.
Acute toxicity study (LD50 ):
No mortality and behavioral changes was found up to the
dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight, therefore the dose
selected for the antiulcer activity was 100,200,400mg/kg
body weight.
Anti ulcer study
A dose-response antiulcer study was done using 100, 200
and 400 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of Ficus racemosa
Linn. Against various validated gastric ulcer models like
Pylorus ligation, aspirin and ethanol induced gastric ulcer.
The ethanolic extract was administered orally to various
groups. Ulcer were scored and analyzed as described
earlier. The result indicated a dose- dependent antiulcerogenic
activity in ethanolic extract of Ficus racemosa
Linn. (Tables 1, 2 and 3). The optimal effect was observed
at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight.
Table-1: Effect of Ficus racemosa fruits extract on pyloric ligation induced gastric ulcer model.
Values are mean ± SEM for 6 rats.
a. P < 0.05, compared to respective control group.
b. P < 0.01 compared to respective control group.
c. P < 0.001 compared to respective control group. Table-2: Effect of Ficus racemosa fruits extract on aspirin induced gastric ulcers model. 
Values are mean ± SEM for 6 rats.
a P < 0.05, compared to respective control group.
b P < 0.01 compared to respective control group.
Table-3: Effect of Ficus racemosa fruits extract on Ethanol acid gastric ulcer model. 
Values are mean ± SEM for 6 rats.
a P < 0.05, compared to respective control group.
b P < 0.01 compared to respective control group. |
Back to Top |
|
|
|
Discussion and Conclusion |
|
The etiology of peptic ulcer is unknown in most of the
cases, it is generally accepted that gastric ulcers results
from an imbalance between aggressive factors and the
maintenance of the mucosal integrity through
endogenous defense mechanisms14. The excess gastric
mucus formation by prostaglandins (PG) includes both
increases in mucosal resistance as well as a decrease in
aggressive factors, mainly acid and pepsin15. Inhibition of
PG synthesis by aspirin coincides with the earlier stages of
damage to the cell membrane of mucosa, parietal and
endothelial cells16.
Pylorus ligation induced ulcer was used to study the
effect of fruit extracts on gastric acid secretion and mucus
secretion. The ligation of the pyloric end of the stomach causes accumulation of gastric acid in the stomach. This
increase in the gastric acid secretion causes ulcers in the
stomach.
Ethanol induced gastric ulcer was employed to study the
cytoprotective effect of the extracts. Ethanol induced
gastric lesion formation may be due to stasis in gastric
blood flow which contributes to the development of the
haemorrhage and necrotic aspects of tissue injury.
Alcohol rapidly penetrates the gastric mucosa apparently
causing cell and plasma membrane damage leading to
increased intra cellular membrane permeability to sodium
and water. The massive intracellular accumulation of
calcium represents a major step in the pathogenesis of
gastric mucosal injury. This leads to cell death and
exfoliation in the surface epithelium17, 18.
The plant reported to be anti-ulcer in traditional system
of medicine and in the present research programme the
plant was found to have the significant anti-ulcerative
activity in rats. The preliminary phytochemical studies
revealed the presence of flavanoids in fruits extract of
Ficus racemosa in major concentration. Various flavanoids
have been reported for its anti-ulcerogenic activity with
good level of gastric protection19. So the possible
mechanism of anti-ulcer action of Ficus racemosa fruits
may be due to its flavanoids content. In this study we
observed that Ficus racemosa provides significant antiulcer
and cytoprotective effect against gastric ulcers in
rats. Further study need to be carried out regarding exact
mechanism, isolation and characterization of active
principal responsible for anti-ulcer activity. |
Back to Top |
|
|
|
|
1. Alkaofahi A, Atta AH, Pharmacological screening of
the antiulcerogenic effects of some Jordanian
Medicinal Plants in rats, J Ethnopharmacol, 1999,
65, 341-5.
2. Peskar BM, Maricic N, Role of prostaglandins in
gastroprotection, Dig Dis Sci, 1998, 43, S23-9.
3. Toma W, Hiruma-Lima CA, Guerrer RO, Souza AR,
Preliminary studies of Mammea Americana L
(Guttiferae) bark/latex extract point to an effective
antiulcer effect on gastric ulcer models in
mice,Phytomedicine, 2005, 12, 345-50.
4. Borelli F, Izzo AA, The plant kingdom as a source of
anti-ulcer remedies, Phytother Res, 2000, 14, 581-
91.
5. The wealth of India, A Dictionary of Indian Raw
materials and Industrial product, Vol. 2, CSIR New
Delhi, 1950, 253.
6. Indian Herbal pharmacopoeia, revised new 2002,
Indian Drug Manufacturers Association, Mumbai,
2002, 93-107.
7. Kokate CK. Practical Pharmacognosy, 4th ed, Vallaph
Prakashan, Delhi, 1994, 107 -111.
8. OECD, OECD Guidelines for the testing of chemicals,
Test no.423; Acute Oral Toxicity - Acute Toxic Class
Method, 1996, 1-14
9. Kuppast P. Vasudeva Nayak K. Chandra
Prakash,Satish Kumar K , Anti-ulcer effect of Cordia
dichotoma Forst .f. fruits against gastric ulcers in
rats, The Internet Journal of Pharmacology,
2009,7(1),27
10. Ghosh MN, Fundamental of Experimental
Pharmacology, 3rd edition, Scientific book Agency,
Calcutta, 1986,156.
11. Brzozowski T, Konturek SJ, Kwiecien S, Pajdo R,
Brzozowski I, Hahn EG, et al,Involvement of
endogenous cholecystokinin and somatostatin in
gastro protection induced by intra duodenal fat, J
Clin Gastroenterol, 1998, 27, 125-137.
12. Mahmood AA, et al, Antiulcer and gastrprotective
effect of honey in combination with Trigonella
foenum graecum seeds extracts on experimental
gastric ulcer in rats, Int J Mol Adv Sci, 2005, 1(3),
225-229
13. Raju D, et al,Evaluation of Anti-ulcer activity of
methanolic extract of Terminalia chebula fruits in
experimental rats,J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol.1(3),
2009, 1010-107.
14. Salama RB, Sterols in the seed oil of Nigella sativa,
Planta Med., 1973, 24(4), 375–377.
15. Rainsford KD, Mechanisms of gastro-intestinal
ulceration by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory/
analgesic drugs. Adv. Inflam. Res., 1984, 6, 51–64.
16. Alarcon DL, Martin MJ, Lacasa C,Motiva
V,Antiulcerogenic activity of flavonoids and gastric
protection. J. Ethnopharmacol, 1994, 42, 161-170.
17. Soll AH, Pathogenesis of peptic ulcers and
implication for therapy, New Eng J Med 1990, 322,
909- 16.
18. Surendra S, Evaluation of gastric antiulcer activity of
fixed oil of Tulsi and possible mechanism, Indian J
Exp Biol, 1999, 36(3), 253-57.
19. Parmar NS,Parmar S, Antiulcer potential of
flavonoids, Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 1998, 42,
343–351. |
Back to Top |
|
|
|
Research 
Abortion and FR 
Address :Rahul Apartment,
Satbhai Lane,
Dilhi gate,
Ahmednagar - 414001
Udumber in Vedas